This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine is going to Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel, whose research helped shed light on how our multibillion-cell brain forms memories, feelings, and behavior strategies. The scientists’ achievements laid the foundation for optogenetics, a method of studying neurons. Why did they receive the Nobel Prize? How does optogenetics help treat diseases? And who studies the brain at ITMO? That’s what we discussed with Vera Medvedeva, a senior researcher at ITMO’s Center for Molecular and Biological Technologies, and Evgeniya Sokolova, the head of the Public Health Sciences Master’s program.